Essays --

Triangle The Fire That Changed AmericaDisasters can be so impactful some can forever transpose the course of history. While many at the time thought this story would soon pass, and with it all the potential bad publicity, the story of the Triangle fire spread quickly, and outraged many hatful. On a beautiful spring day in March 1911 when 146 workers lost their lives, a fire would prove it could do what years of reformers had failed to do, get the government on the cheek of the workers. I would argue that the fire largely impacted the country. Specifically, the Triangle Fire ended up changing New Yorks interconnected political and stinting scene, and spurred on the creation of stricter safety codes. For the first time owners would hold responsibility for their actions. Max Blanck and Isaac Harris being indicted for manslaughter was proof of this. Social change seemed to be spurred as head the general public and newspapers would come back the workers of New York. Large institution s would suffer as well. Tammany Hall would be feared less and less by waves of new immigrants. The largest change brought about by the blaze would be legislation. Twenty-five bills, recasting the labor laws of the state The political scene of New York was altered greatly as a result of the Triangle Fire. Still dominated by the machine-boss system, New York was prime example of graft and corruption of politicians. Tammany Hall still reigned supreme, even after the pin of Boss Tweed in the 1870s, and a man named Charles Murphy headed it. In 1909, when workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory went on strike, owners Max Blanck and Isaac Harris used the police force and gangsters to get the strikers to give up their cause. The suppliers of these corrupt office... ...arose in New York soon existed throughout the country. Von Drehle makes it very clear in his book that the Triangle fire did in fact, as the subtitle suggests, change America. He gives clear examples of how the Triangle fire led Tammany Hall to almost completely shift its agenda, and how it also led to a plethora of new safety codes. His argument is made especially compelling by how he gives a detailed background of many key people involved and also how he describes in detail how things were before and after the fire. This gives the reader a fuller understanding of the time period around the fire, and thus shows how much the fire actually changed things. After reading his book, it is abundantly clear that the Triangle fire was a main cause of political change and safety reform in America. Although terrible, it led to many positive changes in American politics.

Othello the Outsider Essay -- Othello essays

Othello the Outsider Shakespeares tragic hero, Othello, was a man whose gifts far outnumbered his weaknesses. On the battlefield, he was accomplished in his profession, he was highly ranked and, in his life, he was blissfully married. Despite these great advantages, however, Othellos destiny was ruin. Everything he had so carefully do for himself would be destroyed by one flaw his fear of remaining an outsider. He feared this fate, only he harped on it continuously, tearing himself between his identity as a foreigner and his desire to live as a normal citizen. Even so far back as his front public speech, perturbations ca utilise by this internal unrest surfaced, and it was unrest that would ultimately lead to his horrible and complete undoing. Othellos first speech is an address to the Venetian council, through which he introduces himself to the council members. Brabantio, Desdemonas angered father, has accuse Othello of bewitching his daughter and stealing her away into marria ge, and Othello is defending himself against these charges. To start his case, he begins thusly, Most potent, grave, and reverend signors, / My very noble and approved good masters, / That I subscribe to taen away this old mans daughter, / It is most true true I have married her (page 19). Just by itself, this is perhaps the most poetic stanza of the play to this point, yet he continues it in short order with, ...Rude am I in my speech, / And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace (page 19). Now, only seven lines into Othellos first public text, he has already made use of his outsider status. By humbling himself amidst spectacular oration, he is appearing non-threatening to the judges, while still making a great case. T... ... true true I have married her. The very head and front of my offending Hath this extent, no more. Rude am I in my speech, And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace For since these arms of mine had seven years pith Till now some nine moons wasted, they have used Their dearest action in the tented field And little of this great world can I speak More than pertains to feats of broils and battle And therefore little shall I grace my cause In speaking for myself. Yet, by your gracious patience, I will a round unvarnished tale deliver Of my whole sort of love - what drugs, what charms, What conjuration, and what mighty magic (For such proceeding I am charged withal) I won his daughter. Works Consulted The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice, William Shakespeare, I.III.76-94

A Woman’s Place in Society Explored in Marge Piercy’s Barbie Doll Essay

Society has a way of placing unrealistic expectations on women. By development television, magazines, billboards, and even toys we see a mold of what women are supposed to look homogeneous. In other words the perfect woman should look like a Barbie Doll. In Marge Piercys, Barbie Doll, we find a female child child growing up through the adolescence st sequence characterized by appearances and barbarity. Piercy uses lots of imagery to describe the struggles the girl experiences during her teenage years and the effects that can happen. In the first stanza we see the beginning of an ideal image being stained in the girls mind. She was ...presented dolls that did pee-pee and illuminance GE ovens and irons and wee lipsticks the color of cherry candy (2-4). By being presented these gifts the girls parents have already instilled a visualization of what the perfect woman is like and the girl is already learning her place in society. The poem was written in 1936. In this day and age women were still seen as objects and not actually people. Their place was in the kitchen and taking care of the kids. Piercy has painted an image to the reader of a little girl playing with toy stoves and irons and wearing red ink lipstick to make herself pretty. The tone of the poem takes a turn toward a more bold statement when the author uses ...the magic of puberty (5) to describe the age where appearance comes into effect. The girl was insulted by a classmate who made humiliating comments about her nose and...

John Updikes A&P Essay -- English Literature

John Updikes A&PMany of the events that take arse in John Updikes A&P would not obligate happened had the township lived under a Marxist society. Marxism is asocio-economic ideal where all people work for the good of thecommunity and is characterized by not having any social carve updistinctions. The division of Classes in A&P is very app atomic number 18nt,especially between Sammy, the protagonist and first person narrator,and the three girls, one of the three antagonists, who walk into the stash away during the exposition. There is also a cast disparity betweenSammy and Lengel, the store manager and another antagonist (along withsociety, who complete the three). A distinction is also notedbetween the three girls and the rest of the shoppers in theconvenience store.The story is told entirely in flashback and is set in a grocery storein a town north of Boston, Massachusetts during one Thursday insummer. During the exposition we learn that Sammy is working one ofthe cash register s. Later in the story we argon told that he is 19 yearsold and by his description of how his parents treat company we canassume he comes from a middle class family. We are lead to believeduring Sammys narration that the three girls, on the other hand, comefrom a rich or high societal background. The way Queenie is describedby Sammy as having prima-donna legs and walking slow while holdingherself straight paints a portrait of a high society woman. The factthat Sammy calls her prim twice also leads us in that direction. Sammylooks up to Queenie because she is different and places her on ahigher level than the sheep in the store. When Sammy quits his job,creating a conflict between he and Lengel, his reason is to become the... ...ls us she wasembarrassed by the whole situation-where she felt out of place becauseof her high stature in society. These scenes, of course, would neverhave taken place in Marxist cultures because the government would haveprovided for its citizens and the gir ls would have never foundthemselves being humiliated in front of a lesser class of people. any the conflicts that take place in Updikes A&P would have beenavoided in a Marxist society. Lengel and Sammy would have never had aconfrontation because Sammy would not have been trying to impress ahigh society girl. Likewise, the three girls would not have foundthemselves shopping for a snack in the A&P because the governmentwould have provided it for them. This leaves us with one question,however, In a Marxist society, would Sammy have realized his adulthoodor would he have remained a barbarian?

Essay --

Stephen Crane established the inbredist style in literature, where concepts from real life are reconstructed in a fictional context to instance the plight of those trapped in the lower dregs of society. Naturalistic writers depict their characters as individuals oppressed by their environment their acts are based upon their need to snuff it and the social order they fall into. The ideals of naturalism claim that human beings are not free, but that their actions are controlled and pre-determined mostly by the setting they inhabit and the natural or learned traits they possess. Keith Fudge, author of Sisterhood Born from Seduction Susanna Rowsons Charlotte Temple, and Stephen Cranes Maggie Johnson states that Maggie A Girl of the Streets has been recognized as Naturalisms first novel (Fudge 43). The scientific philosophy comprised in naturalism originated from Charles Darwins theories of evolution that claim that only the fittest will survive. Throughout the novel, numerous degrees of survival and liquidation are depicted whether it is by Jimmie, Mary, Nell, or Maggie herself. Maggie A Girl of the Streets is indeed a naturalistic tale of both physical and mental survival. Cranes use of setting, tone, characters, and concepts of Darwinism illustrate this unequivocally. I will begin by fleshing out the concepts of Darwinism and Social Darwinism in the context of the novel and its relation to naturalism. Clarence Darrow spoke this famous furrow that exemplifies Social Darwinisms philosophy, which is universally misattributed to Charles Darwin, It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but rather the one most adaptable to change. The environment is of significant importance to s... ... of righteous sense just as it exist in the Galapagos Islands of Darwin. Crane inserts isolated statements which serve to reinforce the Darwinian aspects of the novella. There is a zeitgeist of natural history that runs throughout. The stud y of fact retelling of dreadful events, such as when Crane writes, The babe, Tommie, died. He went away in an insignificant coffin, his small waxen hand clutching a flower that the girl, Maggie, had stolen from an Italian, she and Jimmie lived. helps tidy up this point. The first example of Naturalist literature, this novella is original in its approach to literary theory it is not overly explicit nor does it call for change or revolution in a Marxist fashion, it is unadorned and free of opinion. Maggie Girl a Girl of the Streets solely recounts what is observable and the rules that are known to be true up in the natural world.

Essay --

Stephen Crane established the naturalist style in literature, where concepts from real life atomic number 18 reconstructed in a fictional context to exemplify the plight of those trapped in the lower dregs of society. Naturalistic writers depict their characters as individuals oppress by their environment their acts are based upon their need to survive and the social order they fall into. The ideals of naturalism rent that human beings are not free, entirely that their actions are controlled and pre-determined intimatelyly by the setting they inhabit and the natural or learned traits they possess. Keith Fudge, author of Sisterhood Born from Seduction Susanna Rowsons Charlotte Temple, and Stephen Cranes Maggie Johnson states that Maggie A young woman of the Streets has been recognized as Naturalisms first novel (Fudge 43). The scientific philosophy comprised in naturalism originated from Charles Darwins theories of evolution that claim that only the fittest will survive. Throug hout the novel, numerous degrees of survival and extinction are depicted whether it is by Jimmie, Mary, Nell, or Maggie herself. Maggie A Girl of the Streets is indeed a realistic tale of both physical and mental survival. Cranes use of setting, tone, characters, and concepts of Darwinism illustrate this unequivocally. I will begin by fleshing out the concepts of Darwinism and Social Darwinism in the context of the novel and its relation to naturalism. Clarence Darrow spoke this famous line that exemplifies Social Darwinisms philosophy, which is universally misattributed to Charles Darwin, It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but rather the one most adaptable to change. The environment is of significant importance to s... ... of moral sense just as it exist in the Galapagos Islands of Darwin. Crane inserts isolated statements which serve to fortify the Darwinian aspects of the novella. There is a zeitgeist of natural history that runs thr oughout. The matter of fact retelling of dreadful events, such as when Crane writes, The babe, Tommie, died. He went away in an insignificant coffin, his small waxen hand clutching a flower that the girl, Maggie, had stolen from an Italian, she and Jimmie lived. helps illuminate this point. The first example of Naturalist literature, this novella is original in its approach to literary supposition it is not overly explicit nor does it call for change or revolution in a Marxist fashion, it is unadorned and free of opinion. Maggie Girl a Girl of the Streets solely recounts what is observable and the rules that are known to be true in the natural world.

The Lesson of the Cliff

The lesson of the cliff by Morton hunt tells a story of himself and how he was able to excel in experiences. It starts off when he was 8 years old. He was influences to climb a cliff with his friends, knowing that he may lose been to sick to climb. The group stops halfway there to rest up and indeed confines their Journey, But Morton became to frighten to continue. Morton became to frightened and plan on termination back but he away that it was to far down and became worried that he may fall to his death.His friends abandon his and continue on while he stays in panic. As it got dark his father came and noticed his nervous son on the cliff. His father guides him down the cliff, telling him to move his feet down 1 at a time on footholds. As Morton comes down step by step, he became braver and braver every passing second. As he reached the bottom to be in the comfort of his father he was taught a life lesson he will never roger.The scenario then shifted to Morton in a 1945 war, he w as to fly a reconnaissance plan over enemy territory. Morton worried about this situation that he could sleep, all he could think of was him and his navigator running into enemy territory. Morton then remembered his fathers words of taking it one step at a time and succeed in the mission. This article was a clear sense of inspiration to me. Morton utilize advise from his father to become a survivor even in the most dangerous f situations.Morton was taught one of the fundamentals of life. When you are faced with a task that appears overwhelming, you decide what the first step is and take in accomplishing or succeeding in this task. If you can break the problem down into a series of steps you need to complete to accomplish your goal,then you must do it. But then, only focus on on the step that you need to take next. When that step is taken, focus on the next one. Eventually, you will arrive at your destination.

Political Culture of Russia Essay

The nature of Russian governmental culture and by cite its government has been shaped and molded over the previous centuries. art object we push aside by no means attribute its entire governmental culture to a single event or conviction period, we similarly cant point to a time period, say the Soviet time, and draw our perception of Russias political culture from that alone.That being said, the totalitarian nature of the Soviet State is by partial means attributable to Marxist-Leninist philosophies. The nature of Russian political culture was (and still is in umteen regards) authoritarian. Throughout Russias register there has been an authoritarian attitude in how the inelegant should be formd. The state was ever more than there, the state was behind forced modernization policies from Peter the Great through Joseph Stalin, and today Vladimir Putin. Russia for the large part of its history been just as vast as it is today. The sheer size of it requires a centralized de signer to keep regional autonomy down. Every unpolished that followed or still follows Marxist doctrine did (does) so with different flavors of Marxism, none of which are exactly and entirely what Karl envisioned. China and Russia were rivals in several policy areas throughout the 20th century. The same dichotomy can be seen between China and its smaller (communist) Southeastern Asian neighbors such as Cambodia and Vietnam. commie countries were partially authoritarian because of Marxism.The nature of establishing and perpetuating a command economy demanded authoritarianism. While China has wiggled out of many of the responsibilities and pitfalls of running a command economy by establishing market-driven economic reform, it remains authoritarian. This illustrates that while the key components of Marxism are abandoned, the system and its actors cover to grasp to power as it seeks to adapt and integrate itself into the earth system. This is counter to previous attempts to establis h a parallel world system behind Soviet ideology. Bottom line the only way a Communist system can take continued hold and root itself into the political system is through authoritarianism. Not to mention the guise under which many of the Soviet Republics were brought into the fold and behind the Iron Curtain. These werent spontaneous Communist Revolutions toppling several governments around the world it was the Russians moving in after having kicked the Germans out and acting marionette to their stark naked puppets. If it were populist support that kept Communist governments in power around the world one would not see states efforts to cripple freedoms of the press, of assembly, and of religion.Current Communist governments fear a slippery slope, and perhaps rightfully so, where an inch of amicable freedom given would mimic Mikhail Gorbachevs reforms in the late 1980s and lead to an eventual collapse. Russias Political culture is more authoritarian than a lot of countries around t he world, but today it is a functioning quasi-democracy with authoritarian overtones. This goes to show that in the right circumstances, Russians can and impart sphere themselves to semi-authoritarian rule. Under other circumstances, such as the situation in the 1990s that followed the collapse of the Soviet system, its a wonder that authoritarianism didnt pay off back in force. Putin still governs with legitimacy at the front of his mind, and hasnt suspended the constitution or ruled by decree. True democracy can and will eventually be real(a)ized, but realistically this is only possible through generational replacement and hard, slow change. The privatization process can be viewed with overlots rightful criticism, it didnt take into account Russians lack of understanding of the Wests definition of rational economic behavior, nor did it find a knowing middle ground between the two extremes of command economy and wild-west capitalism.What it did do was change the rules of the game being played. We can fault the broad shock therapy method for any number of shortcomings in the economic policy in the Russian arsenal, but it accomplished one incredibly more important goal. It changed the rules of the game. People who knew the rules (or knew which new rules were coming), mobsters, party officials, and Western interests, leapt upon the opportunity to make money hand over fist. This is still a vastly improved scenario as opposed to gradual economic reform, with the state greedily holding onto the commanding heights of the economy, and leaving the unprofitable vault of heavens open for private gracement and development. The large studyity of the Russian people didnt train a firm grasp on private property, or selling one of two cows to buy a bull, or how to invest with these vouchers. The sharks ate them up in the incredibly free market. This is a point that was necessary for the facilitation of real capitalism and eventually democracy in Russia.How does one give lessons in its population the concepts that go hand in hand with capitalism? My answer would be to force them to adapt to a changed environment. Gradual change wouldve perpetuated for a longer time the stagnation and poor cost-management of the Soviet period. An aggressive and immediate changing of the environment began the painful instilling of capitalist values into the populace and government. subsequently the dust cleared and a new millennia unveiled, Vladimir Putin inherited a new Russia, with new problems, and an semi-regulated albeit capitalist system. I also reject the notion that a place in a familiarity translates to a certain level of commitment and productivity associated with it. I can think of just in my own history a number of bosses with a small level of commitment to the company, they werent there to operate or manage, they were there to own. That being said Ive also experienced several hands-on owners, who corrected the techniques of several employees to their liking. My other inference comes from day-traders on the Stock Market.People with no vested interest in a company putting their money up because they think the stock will go up, not necessarily because they believe in the product. One doesnt need a stake in a company to incentivize success within it, it sure helps, but it is not required and wouldnt beat make the Russian passing any less painful. The decades of propaganda had really affected some 10% of the population and they were the ones who fell off the cliff when the system changed. Russia in the 1990s was bad, but it was zippo compared to the massive famines that led to the deaths of millions of Russians, or the Great Depression. Many Russians who bought into the Soviet ideology were left out in the cold, yet others found jobs, and others made easy money. 1991 was a turbulent time in Russia, the collapse of the system left countless questions unanswered about what the Russian state and its business sector would look li ke after the dust settled. I see absolutely no way, no system, no track that couldve mediated such a drastic change with minimal economic displacement and suffering. We couldve lessened the blow with a Russian version of the Marshall Plan, but frankly that was much(prenominal) too much to expect from America.We were in a position of triumph after decades of struggle, and the prospect of the massive new markets had American businesspeople salivating. The Marshall plan also wouldnt have worked as well as it did in Western Europe because the political and economic culture of Russia was very different from Western Europe. Saturating a country with cash and loans to build (or rebuild in the case of Western Europe) modern infrastructure was out of the question. Half the reasoning behind the Marshall Plan in the first place was to cultivate capitalism, and combat the spread of communism. What is to be gained from a US policy of propping up our old foe? This is especially true when there was so much money to be made via exploitation. Russia in the 1990s was exactly was America desired it to be, complacent. The Russian mob played a major role in blocking true market reforms they reveled in the post-collapse chaos and orchestrated the major piece of the Russian economy that is still today conducted underground, and more importantly, free of tax revenue. While this percentage has decreased considerably, it still accounts for nearly a double digit hole in economic exchanges. Along with the mob, the Communist Party knew what was going to happen and planned accordingly.They snapped up the profitable sectors of the economy for pennies on the dollar and became fabulously wealthy. Both groups served as major obstacles in the path of real reform, and real democracy for Russia. The fact is that the reforms proposed were free-market in principle and not free-market in practice. Favors, subsidies, inside information, and possessing capital (not to mention the knowledge of how to use it) made for a grossly tilted economic playing field in Russia. Just like water, the money flowed down the tilt and into the hands of elites and future oligarchs, leaving real policy and progress for later leaders and generations to wrestle with. To quote Winston Churchill, Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time. Western style democracy is by no means the pinnacle of human achievement, it is however a necessary condition to providing the basis for equality of opportunity, rule of law, and political representation. That is not to say that there is no value in the Russian path, or that it is inherently wrong. Order just isnt as rich (according to the West) when one holds the aforementioned societal values.Order works for Russia, much better than it ever couldve worked in the Go west, young man America that encompassed so much of the formation of our identity. Order keeps the barbarians out, order keeps t he serfs from rebelling, order centralizes power in an Empire. Russia, without the concept of order built in like ours of liberty, wouldve faltered and fell from the world stage many times, of this I have no doubt.. The two biggest examples of Order trumping Liberty (in Russia) I can imagine are the invasions of Napoleon and Hitler. In the former and the latter, byzant and burn tactics were employed. Hell, Moscow was a husk in the dead of winter when Napoleon got there, and I have no doubt that similarly drastic measures wouldve been taken to preserve the Soviet state. People throughout the best land in Russia, burned their property, poisoned their livestock, poisoned their water, destroyed everything of use, and fled. The enormous sense of communal responsibility and togetherness that these behaviors process illustrate that Order worked and may continue to work for Russians, in the same manner that Liberty worked for Americans. I could never imagine Americans destroying everythin g in the face of invasion and retreating.Thats sacrilegious in this country luckily we didnt have quite as aggressive neighbors as Russia had. The Russian political system must meet several criteria I believe before it is widely accepted as completely legitimate. First off, centrist parties crafted by linked Russia have to dissipate. Theyre there to fracture opposition support, and nullify the voices of the overriding political currents that sway governments to control of one party or another. Representative politics works best when it represents the electorate, if there are pressures to decrease opposition support via backhanded ways, then that is where one sees wide-spread dissent. United Russia may have the backing of a majority of the Russian citizenry, for now, but by treating the opposition as the problem rather than part of the solution, Putin and by extension United Russia is alienating many mainstream voters on the left and right. Their reaction is to then become more extr eme and problematic because theyre being talked down to.When legitimate political parties and beliefs arent represented, parties and organizations that hold them have nothing to lose by taking up much more extremist views. If they felt that United Russia would play ball, they wouldnt be taking the positions that they have taken. They would come to the table with more of a pragmatist view and plan of compromise. The militarys role in the democratization of Russia needs to be minimal. I am of the belief that a Roman-style coup utilizing the military is a very real albeit remote possibility. Civilians need to be the head of their equivalent to the Department of Defense, and ending discrimination in the armed services is a must for minorities in Russia to truly feel that they have a say and a stake in the country as it moves forwards.Divided government demands compromise, and it is yet to be seen whether Russia is ready to grapple with and deal with people who dont agree with you. As o f this point, the answer has been to secretiveness them, or to shuffle them into a centrist party like sheep, or to run up the tally of people who think like you. For Russia to move previous(prenominal) the post-Soviet period it must start engaging opposition, utilize independent parties, and stop fighting the opposition. This is very possible, just not at a breakneck pace. Russias value of Liberty will inevitably keep the country moving towards a more representative and legitimate democracy, but its value of Order will make sure that it is a slow and deliberate process.

Arctic Survival Simulation

golosh Survival From Success to Failure Contrary to the take exhibited by most other multitudes during the Arctic Survival exercise, our team score (34) was lower than my individual score (64). This is non to suggest that group collaboration is detrimental in fact, our outcome was unique among the company and of great surprise to uk/the-professor-is-a-dropout/the professor and entire class section. To be sure, pooling resources, elaboration of material, and support and motivation, while perhaps more time consuming, typic on the wholey offer improve results.In theory, this model implies that a teams collective knowledge can maximize utility and ensure the best outcome given the available breeding and perspectives. In our case, our group kinetics were much(prenominal) that we did not effectively utilize the resources we had, and consequently pooled a rattling limited amount of information. Rather than minimizing our risk, we increased it. I attribute much of our groups failu re at this pretense to process loss, which is defined as the problems that arise from wishing of effective coordination among group divisions.A act of factors at play could explain the process loss which led to our counterintuitive results. First and foremost, one must consider the way in which group dynamics impact the overall productivity of group collaboration. Our team consisted of K, R, W, J and myself. K and W were kind of opinionated, and in contrast, both R and J were quiet I did not make up a sense of what their true opinions were. K dominated the group by putting forth an idea and adhering to that idea in acrimony of other opinions. Both K and W were vocal in reiterating what they thought were the most important elements of survival.In our case, we took no measures to counteract the impact of clashing personalities. Subsequently, a lack of civil discussion led to uncoordinated efforts with regards to how we should begin to approach a systematic analysis of the sit uation. An effective manager, however, should be skilled at identifying employee team dynamics and personalities in order to maximize potency, the manager must have the emotional intelligence (that is, the ability to perceive, decipher, use, and pin engineer emotions accurately) to understand how team members differ with respect to emotions, motivation, perspectives, experience, and intentions.For example, though J was quiet and rarely spoke up or def force outed her ratings, I knew of Js work ethic from class and understood that it was not as though she avoided work or pulling her weight. In other words, I recognized that her behavior was not attributed to social loafing, but to some other phenomenon. In this case, our group members seemed to exhibit varying levels of psychological caoutchouc, which is the belief that little to no risk exists in a particular group environment, and consequently each member feels free to contribute their true thoughts. I presumed that J and R did not feel psychologically safe.Anytime a group member disagreed and pressed them to argue for their position, they wavered and complied, indicating that they tangle uncomfortable in taking a risk and voicing dissenting views. Their low psychological safety led to an apparent mode of groupthink, in which R and J preferred unanimity in the group over their perceived accurate valuations of arctic survival tools. Similar to the Asch experiment in which a dissenter purposely responded with the wrong answer regarding which stick length was equal, R and J were lots silent even though their scores later revealed that their ranking of the lasso was more in line with the ideal.Indeed, both R and J, but particularly J, demonstrated a primary symptom of groupthink by censoring herself and failing to cash in ones chips her unique viewpoints. Managing a group of people requires careful consideration of the group dynamics in play, paying close attention to symptoms of groupthink and low psycho logical safety which might lead to process loss. A manager must use his or her emotional intelligence and leverage group members differing perspectives.In doing so, team members will not fall victim to process loss, but will instead pool resources and elaborate on them, thereby facilitating healthy debate and a better end result than one could achieve on his or her own. In addition to identifying how team members differ with respect to emotions, motivation, perspectives, experience, and intentions, a manager must be restrained about his or her own actions and biases. While being confident and resolute is often positive, it can besides blind a manager or group member to other valid viewpoints.Many fall victim to commitment and consistency, which is the tendency for individuals to adhere very strongly to a course of action because they feel stuff to act in line with their original declared commitments. Indeed, K exhibited strong commitment and consistency to certain declarations an d did not back down. In particular, he was quite stubborn in his opinion that rope was the second most important asset for survival behind matches. When pressed to explain his case, his justifications were vague yet, he was very insistent.I mentioned, for example, that rope was not necessary in killing prey for food (in comparison to the baseball glove ax), and challenged him to elaborate on his view. He tried to reason by convincing me that rope was the better choice, but ultimately did a poor job at elaborating. The more we debated, the more steadfast he became he had connected to a course of action, ranking the rope highly, and felt the pressure to follow through. He couldnt back down now. Rather than counteracting my challenge that a hand ax was more important, he simply offered that he did not agree without any explanation as to why.Whats more, he did not listen to the ship canal in which an alternative solution might be better (in this case, the hand ax), but instead disreg arded my perspective and stood firm that the rope was more decisive to survival, thus confirming his previous beliefs. He defended his position and avoided information that potentially proved his theory wrong. Not only does this exemplify commitment and consistency, but also confirmation bias, which is an individuals tendency to disregard information that would contradict his or her views and instead only focus on those explanations that confirm them.Ks friendship was convincing to W, who soon after agreed with his valuation of the rope. Ws support coupled with the others group members lack of any objections whatsoever throughout the simulation led to my almost immediate compliance on the subject matter. I let them have the rope, and they let me have the hand ax to follow. The next point of contention was the canvas. Though they all agreed that the hand ax was important, they did not believe the canvas to be significant. I was the only obstacle who expressed a different opinion.K and Ws mutual agreement coupled with R and Js dummy up, seemed to bolster their insistence that the canvas was unnecessary. Eventually, J broke the silence and agreed with K and W. J was more likely to feel as though the canvas was insignificant given K and Ws superior opinion regarding the matter. Once again, I succumbed and agreed to rank the canvas lower down. Though I certainly did not consider myself a manager in this simulation, it allowed me to reflect on my own dealings within a group context and as a potential manager.I was aware of the group dynamics and recognized the limitations that commitment and consistency, social proofing, confirmation bias, and groupthink provided, but also knew that likeability was a key strategy for influencing others. I prodded R and J to offer more insight, but my efforts often fell short. Rather than taking any organized approach, K and W would dominate conversation, and I assumed the role of mediator, trying to compromise between all persp ectives. I could not claim to have expert power, but perhaps I could convince the group that we should take a more systematic and methodical approach to analyzing this situation.Unfortunately, my efforts probably provided more harm than good. I used reciprocity by telling K and W that he could have rope, if I could have the hand ax next. We continued to negotiate W could have water travel guide next if the canvas could follow shortly after. The simulation consisted of many exchanges such as these. Reciprocity, which is the tendency for members to agree to a course of action of an individual who has done them a favor, miserably backfired in our case.Not only did group members (myself included) interrupt each other and fail to exert any sort of coordination, but my attempt to give everyone what they wanted eventually led to a higher valuation of the navigation guide. I should have known that R and J were easily persuaded and would not speak up about this unwise decision, and yet I w ent through with it. In an effort to gain support through likeability and reciprocity, I sacrificed an effective decision-making process that would have led to a higher probability of success.Group collaboration is typically evaluate to prevail in this simulation due to pooling of resources and elaboration of material, and in retrospect, our group did a poor job of doing so framed this way, it is not surprising that our outcome was the exact opposite of the simulations intended effect. Though only a simulation, the Arctic Survival exercise certainly illuminated the various ways in which I could be susceptible to ineffective managing. These models and concepts are not simply applicable to this and other simulations, but also provide insight into my potential downfalls.Perhaps it is necessary to assign a devils advocate to the group so that teams are not victimized by groupthink instead a concert effort to have varying opinions would inspire thoughtful debate and ultimately more ef fective outcomes. Likeability is an important weapon of influence, but should not come at the expense of sound decisions a manager must always exhibit a healthy balance of likeability and firm consideration of all the options. I must be cognizant of my team members and make sure to harness each individuals strengths, going to great lengths to avoid the common pitfalls exhibited in this simulation.

Aeronautical Decision Making Essay

The airlines developed some of the first training programs that focused on improving aeronautical decision qualification (ADM). ADM is a doctrinal approach to the mental unconscious process used by airline pilots to consistently de full termine the best course of pull through in response to a given up set of circumstances. Human-factors-related accidents motivated the airline industry to implement crew resource management (CRM) training for leakage crews. The focus of CRM programs is the effective use of all gettable resources human resources, hardware, and information.Human resources consist of all groups routinely working with the cockpit crew (or pilot) who are involved in decisions that are required to operate a flight seriously. These groups include, but are not limited to dispatchers, cabin crewmembers, maintenance personnel, and air traffic controllers. The importance of learning effective ADM skills merchant shipnot be overemphasized in the airline industry. epoch p rogress is continually being made in the advancement of pilot training methods, airline equipment and systems, accidents still occur.Despite all the changes in technology to repair flight safety, one factor still remains the same the human factor. It is estimated that approximately 75 percent of all aviation accidents are human factors related. Historically, the term pilot error has been used to describe the causes of these accidents. Pilot error means that an action or decision made by the pilot was the cause, or a contributing factor that led to the accident. This definition also includes the pilots failure to make a decision or take action.From a broader perspective, the express human factors related more suitably describes these accidents since it is usually not a single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events triggered by a yield of various factors. The poor judgment chain, sometimes referred to as the error chain, is a term used to describe this concept o f contributing factors in human factors-related-accidents. breakout one link in the chain normally is all that is necessary to change the end point in a sequence of events.By discussing events that lead to an accident, it can be understood how a series of judgment errors can contribute to the final outcome of a flight. An understanding of the decision-making process provides a pilot with a foundation for developing ADM skills. Some situations, such as engine-failures, require a pilot to respond immediately using established procedures with little time for tiny analysis. Traditionally, pilots have been well trained to react to emergencies, but are not as well prepared to make decisions requiring a more reflective response.typically during a flight, there is time to examine any changes that occur, gather information, and assess risk before r separatelying a decision. The steps leading to this conclusion even out the decision making process are defining the line of work, choosing a course of action, and implementing the decision and evaluating the outcome. The first step in the decision making process is bother definition. Defining the problem begins with recognizing that a change has occurred or that an expected change did not take place.The exact nature and severity of the problem are dogged by the pilots senses and experience in flying. For example, a low oil pressure reading could indicate that the engine is about to fail and an unavoidableness landing should be planned or it could mean that the oil pressure sensor is giving a faulty reading. According to the situation, each action by the pilot is taken differently. An important note is that once the pilot has identified the problem, other sources must be used to verify that the conclusion is correct.Once the problem has been identified, the pilot must measure out the need to react to it and determine that actions that must be used to remedy the problem. The expected outcome of each possible action s hould be considered and the risks assessed before deciding on a response to the situation. Although a decision may be reached and a course of action implemented, the decision making is not complete. It is important to think ahead and determine how the decision could affect other phases of the flight.As the flight progresses, the pilot must continue to evaluate the outcome of the decision to ensure that it is producing the desired result. The decision-making process normally consists of several steps before choosing a course of action. To help remember the elements of the decision-making process, a six-step model has been antecedently developed using the acronym decide. Detect the fact that a change has occurred Estimate the need to counter or react to the change Choose a preferred outcome for the success of the flight Identify actions which could successfully control the change.Do the necessary action to adapt to the change Evaluate the effect of the action some other important a eronautical decision making is risk management. During each flight, decisions must be made regarding events involving interactions between the four risk elements the pilot in command, the airplane, the environment, and the operation. The decision-making process involves an evaluation of these risk elements to achieve an accurate perception of the flight situation. A pilot must continually make decisions about competency, condition of health, mental and mad state, take aim of fatigue, and many other factors.Airplanea pilot will frequently base decisions on the evaluations of the airplane, such as performance, equipment, or worthiness in the air. Environmentthis encompasses many elements not pilot or airplane related. It can include such factors as weather, air traffic control, navaids, terrain, takeoff and landing areas, and meet obstacles. Weather is one element that can change drastically over time. Operationthe interaction between the pilot, airplane, and the environment is gre atly influenced by the purpose of each flight operation.Also, exercising good judgment begins prior to taking the control of an airplane. Often, pilots thoroughly check their airplane to determine airworthiness, but they do no evaluate their own fitness for flight. Just as a checklist is used when pilots check their pre-flight of an airplane, a personal checklist based on such factors as experience, currency, and comfort level can help determine if a pilot is prepared for the flight. In addition to a review of personal limitations, use the im safe Checklist in evaluation of the pilot.

A poem which depicts a violent incident Essay

TASK Choose a poem in which there is a dramatic or ruby ensuant. Show how the poet conveys the incident using various poetic techniques. Glasgow 5 March 1971 by Scottish poet Edwin Morgan effectively conveys a reddened incident which occurs on a busy street in Glasgow. The incident captured in this instamatic poem involves a violent attack on a young couple who are pushed finished a shop window by thieving youths. The incident is guiden vividly through various techniques such as assurery, word choice and structure. Through this poem, Morgan effectively criticises society and our reluctance to garter others in need.One of the ways in which Morgan helps us understand the incident is through the use of imagery. The poem begins with a salient metaphor to describe the ragged diamond of shattered plate-glass. The broken glass is being compared to a diamond to help us picture the sharp-worded, glinting edges of the window. This immediately shows how violent the incident is. He g oes on to describe the mans award as bristling with fragments of glass. This metaphor compared the numerous shards of glass on his face to a beard. This again highlights the pain and damage caused to the innocent young man.The serious nature of the injuries is also conveyed by the words spurts of arterial blood which creates the image of blood gushing out of the girl. Her wet-look white coat emphasises the amount of blood and the contrast of red blood on white which creates a strong visual image. The poem then moves on to describe the attackers using effective word choice to convey the lack of compassion shown to the victims. The incident is described as the performance which suggests that this is a purely business-like transaction for these people. There is no emotion.The word loot suggests that the youths only care is to grab as many valuables as possible and do it smartly. This highlights the impersonal, business-like manner again, showing a lack of humanity. Again this is don e with no expression which shows no concern or care for the couple whose faces show surprise and shock. The word choice used here effectively shows the selfishness of the youths whose only care is to steal with no concern for who gets hurt in this violent incident. . Morgan achieves this by using the present tense, a young man and his girl are falling, their arms are starfished.This creates the effect of seeing the event as a picture rather than an ongoing event. The writer emphasises this with the words sharp clear night which relates to a camera image again. This helps the reader stand second and look at the event objectively without be involved. Morgan is trying to make the point that this is what we do in society when we see violence occurring stand tooshie and not get involved. This theme of societys reluctance to help others is shown through the deliberate reference in Sauchiehall Street.This makes it clear that this violent incident took place on a busy street in Glasgow w here lots of people would be. He goes on to refer to drivers in the background which again highlights the event that people do not come forward to help the victims they keep their eyes on the road. This final line effectively conveys Morgans positioning that people turn a blind eye to violence, most likely from fear or lack of compassion. Through presenting this snapshot of the incident in sharp clear detail, it makes the reader think about what we would have done in this situation and why people failed to act.In conclusion this poem effectively conveys a violent incident on a busy Glasgow street. Edwin Morgan successfully highlights the lack of concern in our society for others. He achieved this through his instamatic technique, vivid imagery and effective word choice. These techniques helped me visualise the incident well and understand the writers message. The poem really made me think about how we treat one some other in society as this incident is set in Glasgow in a busy st reet. It made me wonder if this would actually happen and if people would help or turn a blind eye.

Ap World History Chapter 26 Notes

Chapter 26 Notes hassocks and Arabs Ottomans Factors of Decline * Competition between elite * Weak rulers * Increasingly strong Janissary corps * Increased competition from European merchants * Military challenges from the West * Ottomans vs. Russia (result loss of Serbia, Greece, and most of Balkans) Survival * Played European rivals against each other * Selim III ameliorate bureaucracy, new army and navy.Killed by janissaries in 1807 * Mahmud II slaughtered Janissaries, families and religious allies, reforms based on Western influence (angered conservative religious leaders) * Tanzimat Reforms (1939-1876) series of Western influenced reforms in education, government, newspapers, and constitution. Introduction of railroad and telegraph systems (effect communication increased, minority groups increased power) * Consequences artisans negatively effected (thank you, Britain), women s status remained stagnant Backlash to Reforms Conflict between senescent and new orders * Abdul Hami d attempted to return to despotic governing.. nullified constitution, removed Westerners in power, continued SOME Western policies * Coup 1908 Ottoman Society for Union and feeler (Young Turks) fought for return to 1976 constitution, Sultan remained as figurehead. * War in North Africa Ottomans lost Libya * Young Turks vs. Arabs * World War I Turkey sided with Germany. Arab Heartlands Fertile Crescent, Egypt, North AfricaIdentified with Ottoman rulers as Muslims, disliked Ottoman rule * Fear of Western rule Muhammad Ali, Westernizing Europe * Napoleon invades Egypt (1798) example of Western military power, eventually defeated by the British * Western reforms introduced (military, agriculture) little accomplished in the long-term * Khedives Muhammads descendants, ruled Egypt until 1952 Issues and European Help * Cotton solely dependent on merchandise * Misuse of money by the elite Indebted to European powers * Suez Canal introduces power struggle b/w European powers and Egypt (Fran ce and Britain) * Conservative Muslims resented Western straw man * Liberal Muslims borrowed from West * Skirmish between Britain and Khedival army results in British domination (Egypt is NOT colonized) Egypt in Sudan * Sudan exploited, forced to reform slave trade * jihad called against Egyptian rulers and Britain * Sudan successful in maintaining independence until 1896 * Western technology vs. Eastern technology

Impacting factors on human social service Essay

Socio heathen factors are norms, values, beliefs, material and non material objects that are passed on from one genesis to another in any given society .Socio cultural factors are crucial in any developmental aspect of a community.(Noyo Ndangwe p230) on that point is sizable interest in analyzing these factors that are involveing on human social divine service delivery and these are economic, religion, political and socio-cultural factors which are of special significance because of their tendency to contour line the context or foundation for the operation of any other set of factors that operate upon human social service delivery.In this regard, we will try to disembodied spirit at one factor, that is, Socio cultural factor how it is impacting on human social service delivery. First and foremost would like to define the key concepts this assignment. 1. Socio means interaction.2. purification means the beliefs, customs, practices, and social behaviour of a particular nation or tribe.3. Factors mean something that contributes to or has an influence on the outcome of something.4 Impacting means to gain an immediate and strong effect on something or somebody.5 Social Service These are welfare programs aimed at enriching human life 6 bringing means taking something to somebody.The first to way to discuss this will be to try to analyse how socio-cultural factors affect the performance of main(a) wellness Care. There is at present a large body of literature on the social and cultural determinants of wellness which refer to both the specific features and pathways by which societal conditions affect health. The WHO has, for example, identify a number of socio cultural factors and conditions.The list of factors includes (i) cultural beliefs and taboos, (ii) gender inequality, and (iii) the urban plain divide. The socio-cultural factors impacting on health will differbetween societies and even within sub-cultures within the same society. Thus the factors in a developed society will tend to differ from those that are operative in a backward, develop society.Factors such as urban-rural migration, unemployment, education, gender inequality, lack of money, transportation, distance to health facility, cultural inhibition, fear of going alone to health facilities, inability to make informed choices and the wish to obtain permission from some authority figure such as the husband in the case of some married women have been cited (Social Determinants of Health Nigerian Perspective 2005). Social cultural taboos and social heart and souls attached to certain diseases and their causes are other socio cultural factors that are impacting on service delivery. Cultural beliefs and taboosCultural beliefs and taboos impact upon the performance of the Primary Health Care in several ways. First, they shape forms of behaviour that lead to certain health outcomes. As an example, consider beliefs about foulness and family planning. People living in r ural areas tend to want to have more children and not to want to use the more modern methods of family control (PHC, WHO 2004).This has import for population growth, the incidence of child and maternal mortality and the number in the population seeking coming to health care. As another example, we can withal consider the case of beliefs about HIV/AIDS. Quoting a UNESCO Report, Kickbusch et al (20024-5) have observed that in some parts of Africa, people believe that clean and well-dressed individuals cannot capture infected or that having sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure AIDS. Ladipo et al (2003) have as well as reported a occupy on the perceptions of Gate keepers, the custodians of cultural beliefs and moral norms, about sexuality and HIV/AIDS in Nigeria.Using in-depth interviews with teachers, media representatives, religious, political and traditional leaders and focus root word discussions among parents the study reported that the culture downplayed the sexual mod e of transmitting the disease condom promotion was not accepted on religious grounds by most participants. Cultural beliefs not only also shape how individuals respond to forms of disease and illness but also choices about which forms of care should be accessed.For example, cultural beliefs about certain forms of disease may lead to silence and denial thus creatingveritable grounds for the continuation of behaviours and actions that promote the disease (Human Rights Watch, 2002). Studies of the social meaning of infertility in Nigeria have shown that beliefs about infertility play a determinant role in interpretation and treatment of infertility. Following these beliefs, most people used three treatment outlets churches (spiritualists), traditional healers and hospitals (orthodox medical treatment) (Okonofua et al 1997211). Gender inequalityGender inequality impacts the Primary Health Care system by dint of its contribution to lower status, lack of empowerment, high rates of illit eracy, and high levels of meagreness for women. As in the case of illiteracy, these factors translate into higher incidence of ill-health for women and paradoxically, their lower expertness to access health care. For example, women with less education have less control over their sexual activities and therefore also more affected by sexually transmitted diseases.For example, HIV/AIDS which is transmitted largely by sexual activities is more prevalent among women than among men. The relative lack of control over their sexual choices also means that many more women get pregnant than should be the case. This has implications for fertility and maternal mortality rates. Women therefore have a higher need to access health care especially at the PHC level. Only women generally tend to need the permission of men to access health facilities.Poverty is also higher among women in the population than men. These factors suggest that women will also have a lower capacity to meet their health needs even when facilities exist to impart for those needs. The urban rural divideThe urban rural divide is implicated in the differences in living conditions between urban and rural areas, in the dissemination of the population between the two areas and in several other factors. Differences in these factors impact upon the performance of PHC in a number of ways. First, it imposes different challenges on PHC in urban and rural areas. It has been observed for example, that living conditions, especially with respect to the availability of electricity, good roads, water, transportation, communication, poverty and quality of life tend to be much higher in urban than rural areas (Imoudu, 1995).The implication of this isthe tendency for PHC units to be better staffed and equipped in urban areas than rural areas. It is thus not surprising to set about that storage facilities for drugs are better in urban areas than rural areas (Gupta et al, 2004). Professional health personnels are al so more reluctant to accept postings to rural areas. other implication is the pattern and distribution of the disease burden between urban and rural areas. Given the fact that urban areas have more PHC facilities and that other thirdhand and tertiary health care facilities tend to be located in them, the health needs of urban populations tend to be better served than those of rural areas.There will therefore tend to be more pressure on PHC facilities in rural areas. If we take into consideration the additional factor of higher poverty in the rural areas, the lower capacity of rural communities to access health care when they need it will translate into worse health indices in the rural areas than urban areas.However it should be noted that socio cultural factors also impact positively in human service delivery in the following ways. tralatitious medicines have become part or alternatives were modern medicine has failed.That not all in certain areas use of socio cultural factors h as enhanced social service delivery in the areas of ceremonies which bring in foreign exchange and general leading to an improved standard of life of the people.eg prior to the kuomboka ceremony of the lozi people of western sandwich province, roads are graded, buildings painted, the towns and villages cleaned hospitality industry also takes a new shape which is a plus in service delivery. CONCLUSIONSocio cultural factors are norms, values, beliefs, material and non material objects that are passed on from one generation to another in any given society. As we looked at how socio-cultural factors affect the performance of Primary Health Care we have noted that socio cultural factors are crucial in any developmental aspect of a community The socio-cultural factors impacting on health will differ between societies and even within sub-cultures within the same society.The WHO has, for example, identified a number of socio cultural factors and conditions. The list of factors includes (i) cultural beliefs and taboos, (ii) gender inequality, and (iii)the urban rural divide. The socio-cultural factors impacting on health will differ between societies and even within sub-cultures within the same society. Cultural beliefs and taboos impact upon the performance of the Primary Health Care in several ways. First, they shape forms of behaviour that lead to certain health outcomes. Gender inequality impacts the Primary Health Care system through its contribution to lower status, lack of empowerment, higher rates of illiteracy, and higher levels of poverty for women.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Dr. Festus Iyayi, (2009), Socio cultural factors impacting upon Primary Health Care in Nigeria, Department of Business Administration, faculty of Social Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria 2. Global Health Watch (2004) Global Health Action, edited by Whyte, A., McCoy, D and Rowson, M, Russell Press 3. Noyoo. N, (2000), Social Policies and Social Services in Zambia. UNZA Pu blishers, Lusaka, Zambia. 4. Oxford advanced learners dictionary (2002).

Title: What does personalised learning mean in practice

Assignment TMI agnomen What does personalized larn mean in practice? Analyse the learning inescapably of EAL pupils, and those of SEN pupils. Discuss how the needs you Identify can be met most effectively in subject teaching. Within this context all over the past ten years the term personalised learning gained political capital and could be considered as a delimit feature of the UKs educational system. Miliband 2004) Personalised learning theory and practice The Sussex report states personalised learning is characterised by high levels of participation of pupils and staff in the civilizes, learning to learn and pupil voice. It is a continuous procession which facilitates a deeper learning. (University of Sussex, 2007). Personalisation is concerned with people, thus what or who is a person, their purpose, how they develop, are motivated, gain skills, form abilities and relate to others.Hence, personalised learning is not simply the acquisition of knowledge or skills but how to forge a persons electrical capacity and capabilities to do so. Consequently, concepts of personalised learning own reflected diverse contemporary theoretical discourses, including Piagets conceptualisation of cognitive organic evolution base on iological maturity date and environmental experience to behavioural psychologists focus on learning through and through conditioning, through to Skinner and Watsons reward and punishment.Vgotsky explored how a persons individual social, economic and cultural influences can determine their actual and potential using levels within school based learning. Howard Gardner could be considered as a paradigm shifter (Smith 1994) as he questioned the concept of intelligence based on cognitive development, and sought to demonstrate that a child may be at different stages of evelopment at a single time, and that this is reflected in their ability to learn their maturity on dfferent learning styles.He therefore questioned the concept of scaffo lding referring to seven multiple intelligences, two of which have been choose within school environments, namely linguistic intelligence relating to the ability to learn and enjoyment of verbal and write language, and logical mathematical Intelligence relating to analysis of issues, grasping of quantitative information and the sciences. I Implemented this command with my top set 10 class while teaching controlled ssessment vocabulary.Recent UK Government policy has encouraged an educational approach that tailors support to Individual needs so that all child matters. The five core inter-related aims be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being underpinned by practice guidance ana regulatory perTormance systems slgnlTy tne Importance 0T social, economic and environmental factors on child development. Peter Senge say m whatever children struggle in schools because the way they are being taught is incompatible with the way they learn (Capel, S. al, 2007) hence teaching and support can be improved by encouraging school based learning to be designed around a pupils needs, hence Milibands quote above. Assessment for learning directly relates to field of study teacher standard 6 make accurate and productive use of judging. Teaching uses both moldable ongoing assessments and summative assessments, normally at the end of a module, scheme of work or a part of an academic year. Summative assessments usually relate to formal examinations that inform streaming and ranking, to inform responsibility (Black, Harrison, Lee, Marshall and William, 2002).Summative assessments are often spaced from normal teaching and learning, and are often areas of which teachers have particular direct control in terms of personalising for learners, for example 6SCEs. Key formative techniques include higher cast questioning that targets towards their current level personalised comment hybridizinging, identifying clear target s for improvement, self and peer assessments and analysing and using mark schemes and feedback from summative assessments to assist individual learning plans.According to Williams (2009) the effectiveness of formative assessments can generate nearly trey terms extra earning per year. However Ofsted reviews have identified teachers difficulties in identifying clear learning objectives and outcomes by the use of attainment levels to inform structured lesson planning and assessment (Ofsted, 2007). For example in my second berth school I asked a mixed ability group of year 7s to assess sentence exemplars and explained the success criteria based on Blooms taxonomy.This showed what was expected to answer higher lay questions and levelled answers. It was difficult at first however as soon as they got accustomed to my expectations a marked improved was identified in their work. They were able to give the differences properly and with scaffolding the majority of them were able to vastly develop their answers. (See appendix 1) When considering Howard Gardners multiple intelligence, personalisation leans towards the understanding and lotion of different learning styles, namely audio-visual, and kinaesthetic.However Cofield et al (2004) suggest that the effectiveness of this focus is varied, in terms of their dependableness and as a motivator for learning. Placing the learner at the heart of the teaching process and in liberate enabling them to take more responsibility or their learning can also be delivered through developing learning objectives reflective of individual and classroom needs. Blooms taxonomy provides a classification of learning objectives under cognitive, affectional and psychomotor providing a methodology for scaffolding actual and potential learning within the classroom.Differentiation can get word a classroom of mixed ability students are all stimulated and stretched, and this can be achieved dis heedless of ability when setting tasks, if exe cuted as though one were climbing a ladder in order to reach the top, or objective of the lesson. (Petty, 2009). Within the MFL department we operate an ALL, MOST, SOME to differentiate our tasks, (see appendix 2 3) adding a challenge at the bottom for the most able or for native speaking students. This ensures that every single student can be accessed and also be stretched regardless of ability and rank order.Alex Moore suggests tnat a good teacner needs to De strategic In applylng models and theories to shape and develop pedagogic identity (Moore, 2000). Using these ideas, unitedly with Wgotskys theory of constructivism has helps practitioners develop and go on to plan lessons that are creative, fun, focused, tructured and interesting combined with delivering content to any ability, regardless of need (be that G&T, nixed ability or SEN) or those that encounter difficulty with focus, learning and progressing in a traditional classroom environment.Some of the methods used in the c lassroom to take advantage of multiple intelligences are video clips, imagery and displays for visual learners and group work such as role plays or quizz role games for interpersonal learners. For the intra-personal learners, enabling them to set personal goals and challenges for themselves, for the more verbally inclined students question and answers or ualitative assessment and finally problem solving and modelling for more kinaesthetic pupils.Curriculum entitlement and choice relates to national teachers standard 3. The Salamanca literary argument and Framework for Action recommended at a national and school level that schools should accommodate all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions (1994) As abovementioned, and experienced in both my school and in my placement schools, many Stage and 1 and 2 EAL students are withdrawn from MFL and other on core subjects in order to focus on literacy and numeracy improvement. Interestingly, MFL is one of few areas that many EAL students do not feel isolated as other students are also at a new stage of learning a different language also, and thus can excel in the subject. The National Curriculum (1999) outlines that in order to overcome any barriers to learning in MEL specific requirements such as laptops, support and help should be provided in order to access the learning for EAL students needing support. Indeed, this subject specific inclusion information decrees that all upils have a right to participate in the study of MEL (Pachler, Barnes Field, 2009).

Birmingham as the second largest city in England

A hypothesis is a theory or idea, which is then examined and tested. Sometimes you will agree with it, and sometimes you will disagree with it. Quality of breeding is what makes a persons animateness better or easier. Different wad have different needs and so what makes their tincture of life better is besides different.I am a teenager and my needs argon real different to my grandmothers for example. I would prefer to live in the knowledge suitable City Zone or Inner Suburb Zone. This is because I would have easy access to shops, restaurants, clubs, cinemas, heath clubs and other amenities that young people prefer. Living in the CBD would non be appropriate for me however as there tends to be less parks and open spaces. I do not want to have to travel for hours to get to and from schoolhouse every day, so a veracious local school would help improve my quality of life immensely.My grandmother is 69. She has a quieter life than me and only goes into the urban center nubble when is intimately necessary. For the major(ip)ity of things like food, casual paper and toiletries she can shop at her local independent shops. The makes her quality of life better. Low nuisance rate in addition improves her quality of life as she is more venerable than me. However because of her physical delay a tremendous garden is not very practical as she could not be able to look after it. She does love being outside however and so to improve her quality of life she would need parks and public open argonas near to her. She would also prefer quieter neighbours and few incidents of graffiti and vandalism. Her external respiration is not what it was due to smoking for many years and so low pollutions levels would help her general swellness levels too.Because she lives on her own, it would not be very easy for her to get someone to come and repair walls or roofs, so good housing conditions would also be a necessity. My grandmother is also quite ghostly and likes to atten d church every weeks or so, so for her it would be very important that there was a church very close by, or on a major bus route, as she would not be able to afford a taxi every week. As she lives alone, it would also be good for her if her family and friends lived near buy too. She could catch a bus to get there, but not of a striking distance as it would be inconvenient for her because of medical conditions.You can read also Classifications of RestaurantsThere are some factors that would improve both hers and my quality of life however. For example, good public transport. This would benefit both of us as neither has a car or licence. For this reason also, being near to a hospital, bear upon or dentist would improve the quality of both our lives.CBD stands for Central Business District. This ambit is in the effect of towns and is usually one of the oldest parts. There tends to be Victorian buildings which may have been ultramodernised as well as modern buildings. The chief(p renominal) land use tends to be commercial, with lots of shops, banks and restaurants. In some CBDs as a result of new developments there are sometimes new houses or apartments. The general sky-line tends to be higher towards the CBD as there are generally more high-rise buildings as land is more expensive.Moving away from the CBD, the adjoining major partition off is the Inner City. This zone is just outside the CBD, and old industry. In the last century factories have been built but the majority of these factories have been closed overmatch as industry moved away from the CBD. The small terraced houses that were originally built for the manufactory workers are, in most(prenominal) cities and Birmingham still there. At this time however, land was expensive and so gardens and houses were small. Some of these houses have been knocked down and make into apartments or high-rise flats. This has helped encourage business workers to move to the CBS. The majority of these workers hav e large amounts of money, no children and that get laid a good night life This has encouraged bars, restaurants and clubs to open in the centre of most major cities. However it has also encouraged drug use and high crime rates.Moving outward from the CBD, the next zone is the Inner City. In the last century this land would also be used for factory building, however with modernisation, of these cities, industry has moved away and the old buildings converted. The majority of land is used as residential and most houses are terraced. Like the CBD, land was, and is, quite expensive in these areas and so most of the houses and gardens were small.The next major zone is the Inner Suburbs. This land is almost all residential. The majority of houses built here are from the 1920s and 1930s. The houses tend to be bigger as there is more land, and so it is cheaper to build on it. The general crime rate tends to be lower in these areas. These qualities attract families and so there also tends to be a lot more primary and secondary schools.After this zone, the next is the Outer Suburbs. The main land use is residential and there tends to be more large modern houses. Councils have also bought this land and many council estates are built here too. Because of the distance from these areas to the CBD, land is cheaper here. Recently small modern industries and large shops have developed here.Birmingham is the second largest city in England. It has a population of 965,928 in city and 2,555,596 in the West Midlands. Despite its current size, Birmingham grew late in relation to other British cities and was a market town right up until the Industrial Revolution. At this time, luminaries such as Matthew Bolton James westward (inventors of the steam engine), William Murdock (inventor of gas lighting) and Joseph Priestley (who discovered oxygen) put Birmingham on the map. A massive system of canals was built to discern with the influx of traffic, so that Birmingham now has a more ex tensive canal network than Venice.World contend II saw heavy damage inflicted upon the city, and an equally brutal reconstruction program that earned Birminghams privileged ring road the family name the concrete collar. However, Birminghams relationship with the car goes deeper than this it saw the building of the first four-wheeled petrol driven car by F W Lancaster in 1895, and now acts as the UKs motor-manufacturing hub (earning it the nickname Brum). Birmingham has since been reborn as a business and conference centre, and is busy rebuilding itself into the sub-capital it always should have been.burgher modelIn 1925, E.W. Burgess presented an urban land use model, which divided cities in a lay out of concentric circles overstateing from the CBD to the suburbs. This representation was built from Burgesss observations of a number of American cities, particularly Chicago.According to this model, a large city is divided in concentric zones with a tendency of each inner zone to expand in the other zone. Urban growth is there for a process of expansion of land uses.For this register I am going to be following a transect along the Alcester Road, A435. This road is an A flake road and runs from the centre of town to the outskirts in a southern direction. Because of the size pf Birmingham, if the hypotenuse is correct it will most likely apply to the majority of large towns and cities in England.My chosen areas of study are* Balsall heath* Kings Heath* Alcester Lanes mop up* Druids HeathBalsall HeathBalsall Heath is situated in the Inner city zone of Birmingham. From the centre of the CBD it is 2.75 kilometres. It has been calculated that 4,000 people out of Balsall Heaths population of 12,000 regularly participate in a caring action at law designed to improve the quality of life of the neighbourhood.Kings HeathKings Heath is in the Inner suburb zone of Birmingham. From the centre of the CBD, Kings Heath is 5.5kilometres. According to the 2001 Population Census there were 24,273 people resident in Kings Heath.Alcester Lanes EndAlcester Lanes End is situated in the Outer suburb zone of Birmingham. From the CBD, Alcester Lances End is 6.25 kilometres.Druids HeathDruids Heath is an area situated on an Outer City Council Estate. From the CBD, Druids Heath is 8 kilometres away. This is the area furthest away body-build the CBD that I will be studying.

Reducing College Tuition Essay

AbstactThere is a penury to down the cost of college instruction in America. The rising costs threaten the ability and desire of students to attend college, but there argon ways for both parents and students to make going to college more(prenominal) cheap.The Need to Reduce College TuitionWith the cost of education on the rise, students are asking that time aged question, pass on they be satisfactory to attend college? The answer is yes, and without taking on the burden of overpriced tuition fees and loans. Attending community college has become a trend crossways the country and offer continuing education with little to no direct cost to students. Dual enrollment options, where a student terminate take a class that counts towards both high prepare and college assign are becoming increasingly popular with a large proportion of these students enrolling through two-year colleges and universities. economic downturns are also believed to attract many students to community c olleges, acting as a more affordable route to higher education at a time when money is tight and jobs are scarce. In 2007, 6.3 million students enrolled in community colleges in the United States, representing 34 share of all undergraduates, and 46 percent of all undergraduates at commonplace institutions. (25 Ways to Reduce the Cost of College Tuition, 2006)Community college enrollments have grown comfortably over the last half-century, reflecting a general increase in demand for postsecondary degrees seen in this period. However, little precaution is given to the fact that community colleges have quietly gained not only in enrollments, but in public institution market share as well (25 Ways to Reduce the Cost of College Tuition, 2006). Colleges and universities are not in a position to give you a discount on the cost of tuition. What they can do, however, is offer you gift aid in the form of scholarships, grants and work-study programs to reduce your out-of-pocket cost of atte ndance. Even if youve been awarded some gift aid from the school in your financial aid award letter, there may be additional aid obtainable that the school can use to attract desirable candidates (Negotiating Your College Tuition, 2012).Once youve been accepted to a colleges or university, look at their published tuition rates and your financial situation. While public colleges will generally have a lower tuition, keep in mind that private, non-profit colleges are more dependent on tuition money, so they may be especially willing to make a deal with you receiving less tuition money from a student is better than receiving no money at all, and you should always ask about other monies that may be available through programs and scholarships. If you do not ask, the school will not divulge this information willingly (Negotiating Your College Tuition, 2012).President Obama offered a plan Friday to reduce the costs of higher education by increasing the amount of federal grant money avai lable for low-interest loans and tying it directly to colleges ability to reduce tuition (WP Politics, 2012). In an impassioned speech before 4,000 students at the University of Michigan, Obama delivered an election-year pitch to the type of youthful audience that buoyed his 2008 campaign, saying his administration was putting colleges on notice that they mustiness rein in soaring prices. (WP Politics, 2012).You cant assume youll just jack up tuition every single year, Obama said to cheers at Glick Field House (Obama, 2012), the schools indoor football facility. If you cant stop tuition going up, your funding from taxpayers will go down. We should push colleges to do better we should hold them accountable if they dont (Obama, 2012).With all the talk during the run for president, it will be great to see if all the plans for college tuition universe lowered are true. We have thousands of students graduating from colleges across the country, and if they cannot run a risk jobs that w ill pay them enough to pay back student loans, they will find themselves drowning in debt, and this will not be good for the student or the economy. These people will not be able to establish credit, buy a home or even purchase a vehicle. They will cash in ones chips further in debt as the interest rate on the loan accumulates. This is why tuition fees need to be reduced, so even if a student does not come straight out of school with a high paying job, they will be able to make affordable payments on their loans without being overwhelmed. Tuition fees are scary.References25 Ways to Reduce the Cost of College Tuition. (2006, September). Retrieved from Center for College affordability http//centerforcollegeaffordability.org/uploads/25Ways_to_Reduce_the_Cost_of_College.pdf Negotiating Your College Tuition. (2012). Retrieved from Campus Explorer http//www.campusexplorer.com/college-advice-tips/422D4AF3/Negotiating-Your-College-Tuition/ WP Politics. (2012, November 02). Retrieved from T he Washington sway http//www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-outlines-incentive-plan-to-reduce-college-tuition-costs/2012/01/27/gIQAc92fVQ_story.html

We’ve Had Enough of NAFTA: Perspectives in Withdrawing Our Membership

After 14 years of existence, the North American Free Trade concordance (NAFTA) has still yet to prove its worth as an effective regional backing bloc. As an avenue to promote free trade and sphericization, NAFTA has been much criticized for its inability meet the objectives and levels of goernmental and economic integration. In this case, the debate of whether the fall in States should withdraw its membership in the NAFTA or not leave alone enable us to assess the viability of this regional trade bloc in the age of globalization.It was in declination 1992 that the leaders of Canada, Mexico, and the United States have given their nods to draft the North American Free Trade system (NAFTA) (OAS, 2008). Approved in the US Congress in 1994, NAFTA the agreement went into effect 1 January 1994 (OAS, 2008). The main destruction of NAFTA is to build a framework for North American countries to ease out the trade barriers in hostel to promote a steady flow of exported and imported goo ds in the area.Aside from allaying the barriers that hamper trade among the trey countries, NAFTA also aims to get greater openness in the trade of services and in foreign enthronisation. Another important purpose of NAFTA is to permit the three countries to cooperate and coordinate on environmental and crusade issues (Jones, 2003). However, problems began to arise when environmental and labor concerns in this agreement became convoluted. Critics began to scoff NAFTA to be promoting inequality to the region. It is also revealed posterior that on that point are trade policies that are questionable that could be proven to be detrimental in the long term perspective.In the globalizing world, it is but logical that about trade groups contain countries in the akin area of the world to offer trade agreements, like NAFTA, to obtain mutual benefits. Yeung et al. (1999) offered these reasons why countries form regional trading blocs1. Economic Development. Many countries attempt to achieve economic growth by creating their own industries and by embracing a policy of imports substitution. However, many industries encounter problems related to limited domestic markets and the inability to achieve economies of scale. Under these circumstances, many countries pool their resources and create larger markets by integrating their economies.2. Managing Trade regionally. Many countries regarded global trade institutions as too bureaucratic and slow in responding to both trade opportunities and trade problems. As organizations expand their membership, they tend to become less responsive to their members, ideological differences proliferate, negotiations take forever, and reaching consensus is often truly difficult. Neighboring countries usually have similar cultures and philosophical outlooks. The smaller group can respond sudden than the global groups to problems and trade opportunities.3. Economic Competition. Countries can become far more economically prosperous by forming trade blocs. European countries, for example, viewed economic integration as a way to stimulate trade in Europe. But Europeans also believed that economic growth in Europe would enhance their ability to compete with the United States and Japan.4. Political and Strategic Considerations. Although trade appears to be the primary reason for economic integration, many countries form trade blocs for political and security reasons.NAFTA reflected a trade-policy response to the regionalization of capitalist competition at a global level. field of study rule, tariff reduction schedules, and other NAFTA provisions are designed to favor its members. Premised on an improved capacity to export commodities produced under low-cost conditions in Mexico into the high gear-price consumer markets of North America, Western Europe, and Japan, NAFTA is an attempt to reclaim economic cause in a capitalist world system.Petras and Morley (1995) argue that NAFTA is the centerpiece of a new econom ic system which Washington hopes to use as a springboard for its reemergence as a more competitive pretender in the world market (p. 128129). Moreover, Olson (2005) indicated that NAFTA promised a win-win scenario for Mexico and the United States because having it would mean more jobs and increased wealth, which in gimmick would bring greater stability to the area and lessen migratory pressures.Indeed, it is undeniable that NAFTA has brought about the sharp involution of regional trade and investment in the region. From 1993 through 2004, US merchandise exports to and imports from Mexico have increased by 166 and 290 percent, respectively (Hufbauer 2005, p. xxxvii). As Mexico is burdened with gargantuan debt, they regarded this trade agreement with the United States as an essential ill-use in achieving economic development.The United States desired to maintain stability in Mexico and saw abundant and bargain-priced Mexican labor as beneficial to U.S. companies that were anxio us to gain a competitive advantage over the Japanese and Europeans. Canada, wanting to retain its favorable trading relationship with the United States, viewed economic integration in North America as a way of countering U.S. dominance of the Americas (Vega-Canovas 1999, p. 230).However, NAFTA could not go unfazed without mudslinging from several critics. Jubasz (2004) revealed that the most reliable data available demonstrated how economic globalization of trade like NAFTA has caused the most outstanding increase in global inequality and poverty in modern history. Globalization of trade had save benefited the countries with bigger economies to dominate over economically-challenged countries.The policies of economic globalization such as free trade, financial liberalization, deregulation, trim government spending, and privatization had concentrated wealth at the top. It had tried to removed from Third World governments and communities the very tools undeniable to ensure equity a nd to protect workers, social services, the environment, and sustainable livelihoods. In this way, economic globalization and its institutionsincluding the International pecuniary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the World Trade organic law (WTO, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), have created the most dramatic increase in global inequalityboth within and amongst nationsin modern history and have increased global poverty.More specifically, NAFTA has been accused to have caused the environmental degradation in Mexico. Gallagher (2007) observed that rises in income have been small and environmental degradation has been large in Mexico since the NAFTA was established. Costly environment degradation is slowly eating away the natural resources because the proper mechanisms were not puzzle in place to help Mexico manage its economic growth in an environmentally sustainable manner. To give at pace with NAFTA, Mexico doubled spending on environmental protection and started a much-needed industrial environmental inspection program. However, shortly after NAFTA was signed and fiscal and financial woes set in, attention to the environment are totally ignored.Moreover, labor issues had rocked NAFTA in the 1990s. It had been an issue during Ross Perots presidential bid against Clinton and famous claim of an threatening giant sucking sound helped frame the political debate, but also alluded to important economic trends that touch them all. Fact is that Mexicans complain of the devastating impact it has had on small farmers in Mexico after being merged in NAFTA.Dugger (2003) melodic themeed that the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a research institute in Washington, D.C. filed a report concluding that NAFTA failed to generate substantial job growth in Mexico, hurt hundreds of thousands of subsistence farmers there, and had miniscule net personal effects on jobs in the United States. Income inequality is greater and illegal immigration continu es unabated (p. A9). The World Bank, on the other hand, found that NAFTA brought significant economic and social benefits to Mexico and argued that Mexico would have been worse off without the agreement (Dugger 2003, p. A9).Clearly, there is a big problem with the level of integration among the United States, Canada, and Mexico in NAFTA as compared to that achieved by the European Union. NAFTA, unlike the EU, does not provide for the free movement of people across borders. NAFTA countries pursue their own self-governing trade, foreign, domestic, and defense policies.Compared with the Europeans, who have given up some aspects of national sovereignty in exchange for European political and economic unification, NAFTA members jealously guard their sovereignty. In this case, there should be strong reforms needed in the NAFTA trade policies to make it more favorable for Mexico. If unfair regulation persists and environmental concerns are still ignored, it is high time that United States should withdraw its membership from the NAFTA because it does not bring the greater good that it promises for the region. Works Cited Dugger, Celia W. continue Finds Few Benefits for Mexico in NAFTA, New York Times, 19 November 2003, A9.Gallagher, Kevin P. In Mexico, Free Trade Has Led to Large-Scale environmental Degradation. In Miller, D. (Ed). Current Controversies Globalization. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2007Hufbauer, Gary Clyde. NAFTA Revisited Achievements and Challenges, Washington, DC Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2005.Jubasz, Antonia. Globalization Is Making World Poverty Worse. In Balkin, K. (ed.), Poverty. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 2004.Olson, Eric L.Divided states of the Americas human rights and democracy in Latin America a progress report.Sojourners Magazine35.3(March 2006)28-34.Organization of American States (OAS). NAFTA. 6 February 2007. http//www-old.itcilo.org/actrav/actrav-english/telearn/global/ilo/blokit/nafta.htm.Petras, James, and Morley , Morris. Empire or Republic American Global Power and interior(prenominal) Decay. New York Routledge, 1995.Vega-Canovas, Gustavo. NAFTA and the EU Toward Convergence? in Yeung et al. (Eds.). Regional Trading Blocks in the Global Economy, Cheltenham, UK Edward Elgar, 1999.Yeung, May T., Perdikis, Nicholas and Kerr, William A. (Eds.). Regional Trading Blocks in the Global Economy Cheltenham, UK Edward

A Brazilian Fashion Model’s Death Due to Eating Disorder

For Ana Carolina Reston Marcan was from kleinsaf been her dream to be supermodel, this dream became reality. At 21, in 2006, she make the headlines around the world. Not for her modeling career, scarce for her painful death, attributed to complications due to anorexia. Jundiai town, Sao Paulo, Brazil. A dark-coated teenage girl walks on to the stage at the local saucer contest. Below, her parents, wedged at the introductory of a cheering au breathe outnce, clap enthusiastic in onlyy as a judge slips a green and blanched sash over their daughters head and pronounces her the Queen of Jundiai, 1999.Her develop wasnt surprised The other girls were podgy and had bottoms, she verbalise later. She won because she was slim and elegant. It doesnt unwrapm an earth-shattering achievement. simply for 13-year-old Ana Carolina Reston Marcan it was angiotensin-converting enzyme step nearer her dream of becoming a supermodel. It would pull a dash Reston (who dropped Marcan from her prof essional name) seven historic period to arrive, by which fourth dimension she would be releaseing as far abroad as Hong Kong and Japan, for designers as well dealn as Giorgio Armani and Dior.But it was on 14 November defy year that she at last crossed over from being a successful catwalk model to appearing on the cover of both magazine and newspaper in Brazil, and making headlines around the globe. Not for her modelling, but for her agonising death, attributed to complications arising from anorexia. In a year in which both skinny chic (wearing oversized clothes on tiny body frames) and the American size 00 (an emaciated UK size two, or a waist the aforementi mavend(prenominal) as a normal seven-year-olds) was the height of work in celebrity-land, Restons demise fronts all the more than poignant.She was as well the second model to die from an take disorder during 2006. In August, at a fashion show in Uruguay, 22-year-old Luisel Ramos suffered a snapper attack thought to be the result of anorexia. Although anorexia isnt the preserve of the fashion patience, its hardly surprising that Restons death has sh wholeness a spotlight on the way the business treats its models, and more significantly, on how destructive our current perception of feminine beauty can be. Restons short life began in Pitangueiras private hospital in Jundiai on 29 May 1985.She was born into a comfortable, middle-class family her father, Narciso Marcan, worked for a German multinational while her mother, Miriam Reston, sold jewellery. They were neither desperately poor nor offensively rich and lived in a small but elegant bungalow on the outskirts of town. From an archeozoic age Reston wanted to be a model, partly in order to depart her family with a better life. Its not clear why she felt much(prenominal) responsibility, but in the early Nineties her father was diagnosed with both Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease and was later made redundant.Even before then, though, he r mother remembers the early days Reston spiriting bras and high heels from her closet and pirouetting around the house in them, asking people to imply her photograph. Then one day in 1999, on the school bus mob, she spotted a sign announcing a beauty contest for the Queen of Jundiai. She leapt off and signed herself up. A few weeks later she alsok her mother on an all expenses-paid luxury hop out to Rio her prize for winning the competition. When they returned, a fashion agent offered to introduce her to Ford, one of Brazils acquit modelling agencies, for a fee of ? 100. The family accepted.Restons career took off almost immediately and it soon became apparent that she had her unwrapping mall on the big prize becoming a supermodel, like fellow Brazilian Gisele. Restons friends thought that for the more glamorous catwalk and editorial modelling she was, at just over 5ft 6in, too short. But she wouldnt be target off she altered her height on her publicity shots and claimed she was just over 5ft 7in. And she seemed to get away with it. In July 2003, later on four successful years at Ford, she signed to Elite, one of the biggest agencies in Brazil, a take up which catapulted her from teenage wannabe to serious model.Still Reston wanted to work abroad, and in January 2004 she finally made her first trip overseas. She was sent to Guangzhou, a Chinese city not far from Hong Kong, for three months. But although no one can pin an exact date on when she began to suffer from anorexia, one former booker, who refuses to be named, believes that it was hither things started to unravel for the then 18-year-old. Reston, like so m each other teenage models, travelled unaccompanied by either a personal friend or family member, soulfulness who could help her negotiate a way through the lonely castings, where personal criticism came as standard. She arrived in China, explains a booker, and the guys looked at her and said, Youre fat. She took this really personally . Her lugubriousness was evident in the letters she sent home. In one to her mother, Reston describes arriving in that big place. She goes on I felt so small, the city so big. I didnt understand anything It didnt go right. I failed. Her confidence was being destroyed. plump for in Brazil, Restons descent into anorexia (which ultimately resulted in her shrinking from 8st to 6st) became all too obvious.When Laura Ancona, a journalist at the Brazilian fashion magazine Quem, befriended Reston towards the end of 2004, she sensed immediately that something was wrong. Reston, she severalizes, only ever drank fruit juice, and after her death was found to have survived on a diet of apples and tomatoes. As Ancona recalls She said, I cant eat any more. She told me she tried to eat but felt like vomiting. She knew she had a problem, but didnt know what she was suffering from. I cogitate I was the first person to explain it to her I knew she was anorexic, because someone in my family had suffered in the same way. match to Ancona, Restons condition was common knowledge. Everyone knew she was ill, she says. The other girls, the agencies, everyone. Dont believe it when they say they didnt. Restons aunt, Mirtes Reston, who plans to present a petition to the disposal demanding steps to monitor the modelling industry, is more direct. These girls are white slaves, she says. We want models to have rights. At the outcome they are given no pension, no support They just take the person away from their family and depopulate them far away. In his private clinic in Jardins, a leafy, upmarket neighbourhood of Sao Paulo, psychologist Dr Marco Antonio De Tommaso, who voluntarily runs a periodic drop-in clinic at two of the citys largest modelling agencies, Elite and LEquipe, is preparing some tints on alimentation disorders. Tommaso has spent 11 years working with models and given consultations to nearly 2,000 of them, including some of the countrys most famous faces. He also treated Reston. Tommasos take on the fashion industry, and what he calls the dictatorship of beauty, is bleak.He regards Restons experience as typical, citing in particular the way in which new faces are parachuted into the most demanding and adult of worlds when they are unable to cope. They experience lots of changes all at the same time, says Tommaso. They move city, they move state, they start living alone, and the work is very demanding. Everything happens very quickly, and it is all so unpredictable. on that point are no official studies to prove the link between the fashion industry and eating disorders, but many experts point to a clear correlation between the two.In a letter from 40 doctors at the Eating Disorders Service and Research Unit at Kings College London to the British Fashion Council last October, Professor Janet Trea genuine wrote There is no doubt there is cause and effect here. The fashion industry showcases models with extreme body shapes, and this is undou btedly one of the factors leading to young girls developing disorders. This is borne out by Tommasos experience. If someone is just a tiny bit bigger than the industry demands, he says, they are treated as if they were morbidly obese.This encourages a pattern of beauty that is absolutely unreal. Such pressures, he continues, lead many such women to build up what he calls an arsenal of anorexia special diets, prescription and illegal drugs, starving themselves. He remembers one young model even using pills for fighting intestinal worms in order to lose weight. diary keeper Laura Ancona is not surprised Ive lost count of how many times Ive seen models vomiting in the toilets at fashion events, or sniffing cocaine, or 13-year-old girls fainting because theyre not eating properly. Anorexia is obviously not an illness exclusive to the fashion industry, or Brazil. According to the Norwich-based Eating Disorders Association, between one and two per cent of young adult women worldwide suf fer from the eating disorder and most, like Reston, are 15-25 years old. It kills somewhere between 13 and 20 per cent of its victims. Its not known exactly what causes anorexia, but Tommaso asserts that, for young models at least, professional demands can be a very strong factor. There are other pressures, too.As Tommaso points out Often, low-income families begin to see their offspring as the scandalmongering that lays gold eggs and expect them to support the entire household. The models, in turn, begin to push themselves harder and harder, placing greater demands on their bodies in the hope they will earn more money. Certainly Reston faced problems at home. The familys life nest egg had been stolen in 2002 and because they only had her sick fathers pension of around ? 250 a month to live on, Miriam Reston looked increasingly to her daughters income. She was my crutch, she explains, academic term in the breakfast room of her sisters pousada, or guesthouse. By 2004, the 18-year -old Reston was supporting her entire family. And despite her experiences in China, she keep to dream of travelling the world modelling, in order to earn more money to help her mother build a new house. In August 2005 Reston called her employers at the Elite fashion style and told them she was departure she had received an offer from an agent to work in Mexico.They urged her to stay, arguing that the Mexican modelling market essential voluptuous girls, whereas Reston was now an increasingly skinny model. She wasnt listening to anyone any more, says her former booker. In Mexico things went from bad to worse. On her second day there Reston emailed home that she was sharing an apartment with 17 other models and was very unhappy. separate Brazilian models who bumped into an increasingly miserable-looking Reston at castings began to worry about her emotional state. One of them, Cynthia, left a note for her Girlie, were very worried about you.Please come out with us or stay at home and eat something eat whatever you want, OK? Eventually, Reston became so unhappy that Lica Kohlrausch, the owner of LEquipe, was persuaded by some of Restons implicated friends and colleagues to pay for her to fly back to Brazil. We brought Ana back after she did some work for Giorgio Armani and a representative rang me to say she was too thin, Kohlrausch told the press after Restons death. It worried me and I acted immediately, but I didnt see any visible signs of anorexia when she came back. On her return, Reston went to work in Japan for three months. When she came home again, in late 2005, she was barely recognisable gaunt and colour little. As Miriam Reston recalls, I looked at her and said, My daughter, what have they done to you? I wish these people could see what they have done to her. She didnt deserve this. Now seriously worried about her health, Restons family sent her to stay with an uncle on the Sao Paulo coast. He, too, knew that something was very wrong. On a note dated 19 January 2006, he set out a daily routine for Reston to follow as part of her recuperation.It read 1 Wake up, pray. 2 Strong, exacting thoughts. 3 Pray. 4 Always feed yourself. 5 Pray. Despite the familys intervention, Reston continued eating less and less, and work opportunities began to ebb away. By the middle of last year, her career as a model had virtually give to a halt. Instead, to try and suffer ends meet, she was handing out fliers advertising nightclubs in Sao Paulo, earning just over ? 10 a night. But there was some comfort she fell in love with a 19-year-old model from Sao Paulo, called Bruno Setti. I didnt know what love was until you kissed me, she wrote to him, just over a month before her death. Thank you for giving me the hugs that make me secure and the conversations that comfort me. On Friday 29 September, Dr Tommaso sat waiting in a room at LEquipe, with a list of six models he was due to see that afternoon. Reston was booked in for her second a ppointment. But as the minutes ticked by, Tommaso got the feeling it would be another no-show. I thought it was a shame, he sighs. The agency contacted her and she said shed forgotten.Maybe it was true, maybe it was the anorexia. We cant be sure. In Jundiai, meanwhile, Reston complained to her mother that members of the agency were pestering her to see a doctor. She told me they were vent mad saying she was ill, recalls her mother. Everyone was telling her she was ill But, like all these girls, she denied it was a problem. But her mother was pretty sure by then that Restons health problems needed to be addressed sooner rather than later. And then suddenly, it was too late. At home on Sunday 22 October, Reston began to complain of a pain in her kidneys.Miriam Reston didnt know it, but for the last couple of months her daughter had been taking a cocktail of potent prescription drugs, for pain computer backup and slimming. Reston was admitted to the Samaritano Hospital in Sao Paulo and two days later, on 25 October, she was moved to the Hospital Municipal disk operating system Servidores Publicos, where almost immediately she was admitted to the intensive care unit, where she spent her last 21 days. Her demise was agonising, a elastic tube inserted down her throat, unable to tell anyone how she felt, although the tears in her eyes must have made that pretty obvious.Patches of her once long brown hair had fallen out, too. Her death certificate, for which relatives paid around 50p, cites her time of death as 7. 10am and lists the cause of death as multiple organ failure, septicaemia, urinary infection. Coldly it adds Leaves no children. Leaves no property. Leaves no will. Within hours of her death Ana Carolina Reston Marcan was famous crosswise the world. Her death made her a martyr in Brazil her image was splashed across the front pages of virtually every newspaper and magazine, and across the international media.Jundiais teenage beauty queen had become t he emaciated model who had starved herself to death. Debate raged. There was an outpouring of emotion from other anorexic girls who saw in Reston a piece of themselves and, simultaneously, a acidulent rebuke from pro-anorexia communities, whose members see anorexia as a lifestyle choice. Restons boyfriend requested her page on the common Brazilian blog site Orkut be deleted after her death because it was targeted by anorexia supporters posting offensive comments.Critics of the fashion industry, on the other hand, held her up as an example of how it was destroying the lives of young, would-be models, and in the weeks that followed, the deaths of two further Brazilian girls in similar circumstances, one a fashion student, brought further calls for the regulation of this notoriously mysterious business. Already, changes seem to be taking place. Following Uruguayan model Luisel Ramoss death, models with a body mass index (BMI) of less than 18 classified as underweight by the World He alth Organisation (between 18. and 25 is considered healthy) were banned in September from Madrid Fashion Week. In the wake of Restons death, Brazilian models now require medical checkup certificates in order to take part in catwalk events. The Italian fashion organisation Camera Della Moda Italiana is also considering introducing measures to prevent any catwalk models at risk appearing at Milan Fashion Week in February. more than recently, the British Fashion Council, which organises London Fashion Week, has prepared similar guidelines that it will eventually send to all designers and modelling agencies.It is late afternoon and in the cobbled centre of Pirapora do Bom Jesus, Miriam Reston Marcan pulls up the shutters of her new jewellery shop recently named Ana Carolina Metals and goes inside. Weeping, she picks up a letter written by her daughter shortly before her death, but which was never sent. If I could, Id like to go back to being four, clinging on to you as if I were mum in your womb, so that nobody could harm me, it reads, in curly, teenage handwriting. But God wanted my life to change. Reston sighs. I didnt know what my daughter had could kill, but I knew it had to be treated. But my daughter rejected me, she said she was OK. She stares up at a portrait of Ana hung at the back of the shop part of an advertising suit which has now become a sort of shrine to her deceased daughter. Do you know what I think at night time? she asks. I think that shes in the ground and the ants are eating her. I dont know how Im